Sarasin (?–1832?)

Sarasin was a Quapaw leader who became a legend among Arkansas settlers for rescuing white children captured by Indians raiding in the territory. Many versions of this story in Arkansas folklore indicate the high regard in which Sarasin was held by his white neighbors. Not remembered as well were Sarasin’s struggles to help his people, the Quapaw, who lived in three villages along the Arkansas River below Pine Bluff (Jefferson County). During the era of Indian removal in the early nineteenth century, Sarasin and other Quapaw leaders attempted to prevent removal.

The basic legend about Sarasin concerns the late eighteenth-century capture of two children, taken from their home by a Chickasaw raiding party. Sarasin went to the children’s mother and vowed to rescue them. He rowed down the river until he came upon the Chickasaw camp near Arkansas Post. In the middle of the night, he went into the camp and saw the children. He lifted up his tomahawk and gave the Quapaw war cry. Fearing that Quapaw warriors were upon them, the Chickasaws fled. Sarasin returned the children unharmed to their mother.

Sarasin’s fame gained the attention of American territorial officials, and he was given a presidential medal by the first territorial governor, James Miller. Even though he was not a chief among the Quapaw, the medal symbolized American recognition of his leadership. White friendship for Sarasin, however, did not extend to the entire Quapaw nation. Settlers and territorial officials, coveting valuable Native American land on the Arkansas River, began to call for the removal of the Quapaw in the 1820s. In the tragic ordeal that followed, Sarasin made his greatest contribution to his people.

In the treaty of 1824, the Quapaw ceded their land—which extended from the mouth of the Arkansas River to Little Rock (Pulaski County) and southwest to the Ouachita River—to the United States. In return, they received land among the Caddo tribes on the Red River in northeastern Louisiana and a $1,000 annual annuity, which the U.S. government took years to pay. The treaty also reserved land along the Arkansas River for eleven mixed-blood Quapaw—including Sarasin, who received eighty acres.

When the Quapaw moved to the Caddo country in early 1826, they met with disaster. Floods destroyed crops; starvation killed sixty people, including Sarasin’s wife and other members of his family; and bureaucratic confusion undermined the confidence the Quapaw had in the government’s agents. After six months there, Sarasin broke with Heckaton, the principal chief, and led one-fourth of the nation back to the land reserved for him on the Arkansas River.

After their return in 1827, Sarasin and other leaders of the Arkansas band met in council and explained their actions in a letter to President John Quincy Adams. They claimed that starvation and the resulting divisions among the Quapaws had forced them to return to Arkansas. The council expressed the desire to remain in Arkansas and asked the president to protect them from further threat of removal. They also requested that the young men be taught to plow and the women to spin and weave.

The federal government responded by awarding one-fourth of the Quapaw annuity to the Arkansas band but, in hopes of persuading Sarasin and his band to leave Arkansas again, prohibited them from using the annuity money to buy land. Instead, Sarasin used the money to lay the foundation for a Quapaw future in Arkansas. He persuaded George Izard, the governor of Arkansas Territory and government-appointed agent for the Quapaw, to buy agricultural implements with the annuity. He arranged with Izard to send ten Quapaw boys to school with a local teacher named Wigton King. Four were later sent to the Choctaw Academy, established in Kentucky by future vice president Richard Johnson. Sarasin recognized that the Quapaw had to overcome their dependency on whites who provided them with manufactured goods and repaired their implements.

By 1830, principal chief Heckaton led the rest of the Quapaw back to Arkansas from the Caddo country. Heckaton abandoned the Red River settlements and led the remnant of the nation back to the Arkansas River. Sarasin and Heckaton pleaded with federal and territorial officials to allow the Quapaw to remain in Arkansas. Sarasin was promised only that he could remain in the territory.

In 1832, the Quapaw finally received annuity payments that had been denied them for years. It was too little and too late. Unable to buy land, many Quapaw were pushed off their farms by white settlers, and some found refuge only in the swamps. With their situation becoming more tenuous, the Quapaws signed a treaty in 1833 by which they agreed to move to the northeastern corner of Indian Territory.

Sarasin did not go to the new reservation. Instead, he led three hundred Quapaw back to the Red River in Louisiana. He soon returned to Arkansas and lived in Jefferson County until his death. While his gravestone records that he died in 1832, it is clear that he lived beyond that year. His body was later re-buried in the cemetery of St. Joseph’s Church in Pine Bluff, where he was considered to be a saint. His gravestone was inscribed: “Friend of the Missionaries. Rescuer of captive children.”

For additional information:
Allsopp, Fred W. Folklore of Romantic Arkansas. Vol. 1. New York: The Grolier Society, 1931.

Arnold, Morris S. The Rumble of a Distant Drum: The Quapaws and Old World Newcomers, 1673–1804. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000.

Baird, W. David. The Quapaw Indians: A History of the Downstream People. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980.

———. “A Report on the Quapaw: The Letters of Governor George Izard to the American Philosophical Society, 1825, 1827.” Pulaski County Historical Review 29 (Winter 1981): 66–79.

Nieberding, Velma Seamster. The Quapaws (Those Who Went Downstream). Miami, OK: Dixons Inc., 1976.

Joseph Patrick Key
Arkansas State University

This entry, originally published in Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives, appears in the CALS Encyclopedia of Arkansas in an altered form. Arkansas Biography is available from the University of Arkansas Press.